The Invention and Development of the Wheel

The oldest wheel found in archeological excavations was discovered in what was Mesopotamia and is believed to be over 5,500 years old. It was not used for transportation, though, but rather as a potters wheel. The combination of the wheel and axle made possible early forms of transportation, which became more sophisticated over time with the development of other technologies. Key Takeaways: The Wheel †¢ The earliest wheels were used as potters wheels. They were invented in Mesopotamia about 5,500 years ago.†¢ The wheelbarrow—a simple cart with a single wheel—was invented by the ancient Greeks.†¢ Though wheels are mainly used for transportation, they are also used to navigate, spin thread, and generate wind and hydroelectric power. When Was the Wheel Invented? Though often thought of as one of the earliest inventions, the wheel actually arrived after the invention of agriculture, boats, woven cloth, and pottery. It was invented sometime around 3,500 B.C. During the transition between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, the very earliest wheels were made of wood, with a hole in the core for the axle. The wheel is unique because, unlike other early human inventions such as the pitchfork—which was inspired by forked sticks—it is not based on anything in nature. The Inventor of the Wheel The wheel is not like the telephone or the lightbulb, a breakthrough invention that can be credited to a single (or even several) inventors. There is archaeological evidence of wheels dating back to at least 5,500 years ago, but no one knows exactly who invented them. Wheeled vehicles appeared later in various areas across the Middle East and Eastern Europe. The invention of the wheelbarrow—a one-wheeled cart used to transport goods and raw materials—is usually credited to the ancient Greeks. However, earlier evidence of wheeled carts has been found in Europe and China. Wheel and Axle The Bronocice pot is the earliest depiction of a wheel and axle.   Silar/Wiki Commons The wheel alone, without any further innovation, would not have done much for mankind. Rather, it was the combination of the wheel and axle that made early forms of transportation possible, including carts and chariots. The Bronocice pot, a piece of pottery discovered in Poland and dating to at least 3370 B.C., is believed to feature the earliest depiction of a wheeled vehicle. The evidence suggests that small wagons or carts, likely drawn by cattle, were in use in Central Europe by this time in human history. The first carts featured wheels and axles that turned together. Wooden pegs were used to fix the sledge so that when it rested on the rollers it did not move. The axle turned in between the pegs, allowing the axle and wheels to create all the movement. Later, the pegs were replaced with holes carved into the cart frame, and the axle was placed through the holes. This made it necessary for the larger wheels and thinner axle to be separate pieces. The wheels were attached to both sides of the axle. Finally, the fixed axle was invented, wherein the axle did not turn but was solidly connected to the cart frame. The wheels were fitted onto the axle in a way that allowed them to freely rotate. Fixed axles made for stable carts that could turn corners better. By this time the wheel can be considered a complete invention. Following the invention of the wheel, the Sumerians invented the sledge, a device consisting of a flat base mounted on a pair of runners with curved ends. The sledge was useful for transporting cargo over smooth terrain; however, the Sumerians quickly realized that the device would be more efficient once it was mounted on rollers. Modern Uses of the Wheel VISUAL ART PHOTOGRAPHY/Getty Images While the basic function of the wheel is unchanged, modern wheels are much different from the simple wooden wheels of the past. Innovations in materials science have made possible all kinds of tires for bicycles, cars, motorcycles, and trucks—including tires designed for rough terrain, ice, and snow. While primarily used for transportation, the wheel also has other applications. Watermills, for example, use water wheels—large structures with a series of blades along the rim—to generate hydropower. In the past, watermills powered textile mills, sawmills, and gristmills. Today, similar structures called turbines are used to generate wind and hydroelectric power. The spinning wheel is another example of how the wheel can be used. This device, invented in India over 2,500 years ago, was used to spin thread from natural fibers such as cotton, flax, and wool. The spinning wheel was eventually replaced by the spinning jenny and the spinning frame, more sophisticated devices that also incorporate wheels. The gyroscope is a navigational instrument that consists of a spinning wheel and a pair of gimbals. Modern versions of this tool are used in compasses and accelerometers.

Cumnor in the 1860s How Far Did Dependence on Agriculture...

Cumnor in the 1860s: How Far Did Dependence on Agriculture Shape its Social Structure? ‘We stood in Cumnor ..A straggling line of scattered cottages with mud or rough stone walls uncemented and rude and low overhanging thatched roofs with here and there the bee hives on a bench by the gate in the low stone wall or a few brown faced urchins who peeped slily at the unaccustomed stranger†¦.(Anon 1850) .. ‘We turned our back upon the line of cottages or huts perhaps they might be called’ the writer continued, ‘ ..Cumnor is at best a poor squalid place.’ Though lacking the intensity of urban life famously described by Engels (1844), Cumnor epitomizes aspects of a sharply polarised society with a land-less rural working class. This paper†¦show more content†¦By mid-century, England had been represented as two agricultural provinces –grain production being concentrated in the east, and grazing favoured in the west (Caird 1851). The first BoT agricultural returns in 1866 provide a more nuanced picture in which Berkshire and Oxfordshire together had a relatively large area under corn, a relatively small area under permanent pasture, but were also important for sheep rearing. 5 Dominant perceptions prescribed for the locality a unified system of wheat growing and sheep rearing where ‘grass lands do not reduce the production of food, but in ad dition to their own produce, ..enable the adjoining arable lands to increase their production’ (Smith 1863 p50). Dominant perceptions militated against dairying in the country around Cumnor and favoured larger capitalist producers rather than smallholders. A precise distinction between smallholders and capitalist farmers is difficult (both are included within minor group 61). Assuming a need for wage labour on any Cumnor holding of more than 60 acres, eight smallholding families are identified in Table 3 (roughly 4% of households ) and assigned to Level 2 of the SOCPO schema. 6 Waged labour was essential to those fourteen capitalist farmers (listed in Table 4) whose holdings clearly exceeded this threshold. They farmed 3465 acres in aggregate (an average holding of almost 250 acres).

Journal Of Financial Quantitative Analysis -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Of Financial Quantitative Analysis? Answer: Introduction The business case is for The Australian Post. The Australian Postal Corporation is government-owned and provides local and international postal services. The head office is at Melbourne and the same location serves as a post office (Aupost, 2017). The company has been broadening its product and service range due to many external environmental factors. Currently it focuses on three areas of operation, which are letters and associated services, retail merchandise combined with agency services, parcels, and logistics. The Australian Post also has a number of subsidiaries and joint ventures, which has helped it to diversify into a number of services. The idea is to introduce an innovative way in which The Australian Post can continue using paper as an effective means of communication (Daunton, 2015). This will be done by automating the physical mail postage system and coming up with faster delivery means through notifications and drones. Technology has taken over many functions hence almost rendering mail postal services null and void. The Australian Post can however remain relevant in the market if it adopts an innovative way of selling its products and services, which are based on paper. Through this, the company will be able to retain the customers who already exist and even add new ones. They will not have to lose customers just because many people have proceeded to more technologically advanced ways of communication. Innovation can assist the company to curve a niche in the market as it already has the advantage of being a strong brand. The Australian Post will also be a market leader in the innovation hence having the advan tage of benefitting from a large market share when the launch happens. Problem Innovation Can Solve The automation of the mail delivery system will solve a number of problems, which are discussed below. Delay in Mail The traditional mailing system saw great delays in delivery. Important mail would be received late sometimes hence rendering the process inefficient. Sometimes the recipient would take time in opening the mailbox hence receiving letters, which may be of high importance later than they were to be received (Crew Kleindofer,2013). The automation of the whole process will lead to mail received fast. Drones will be incorporated for very urgent messages hence this will make the whole process very efficient. Lost Mail The traditional system saw a lot of mail getting lost due to incorrect address or similar names. The process was also slow and inefficient hence leading to some mail getting lost. The automated process will ensure that all mail is tracked hence no losses of mail (Chong et al, 2014). This will lead to a streamlined mailing system. Uncollected Mail The Australian Post has lots of uncollected mail. This traditionally led to lots of space wastage and high costs of trying to resend the mail. This also meant that many people did not receive their letters. The automated process will send automatic mobile phone notifications to mail senders and recipients hence strive to ensure that all mail is collected. Use of Post Office Boxes The automation of the mail process will ensure that post office boxes are still in use hence the company will not have to go through massive losses. The company will carry out a powerful marketing campaign, coupled with the new automation process. This will show consumers that paper is still an effective means of communication. An effective campaign will lead to retention of post office boxes and new customers also coming in. Parcel Delivery System The automation process will enhance the use of mail to deliver parcels. The Australian can take advantage of this to grow its business, as post is a cheaper means of sending parcels. Through this, the other mail services will be enhanced as parcels mostly carry messages (Batterson, 2014). Through use of drones, the process will be made efficient and effective. Benefits of the Innovation The processing capacity of The Australian Post will greatly improve. The company will be able to handle a higher amount of mail that previously, due to full automation of the dispatch process. The number of customers will increase due to a solid posting infrastructure being established by the company. The delivery service will be completely accurate, as zip codes will be used in identification of locations. This will lead to a reduction in collection times. Direct postal workers will be able to identify addresses faster hence leading to efficient processes (Love Ropper, 2015). The quality of service provided by The Australian Post will substantially improve. Staff performance can be monitored and timely decisions made, on how to further improve services based on status delivery of mail as the system will generate various statistical reports. High Customer Satisfaction The new automated system will respond to consumer needs for mobility by directly forwarding any mail to new addresses. This will ensure convenience for the customers. Customers will also be able to choose at what time they prefer to receive mail. There will be therefore flexibility in sending and receiving of mail. Automation will lead to a new address system and a microchip containing a customer signature will be installed on the mailbox. The e-signature will be enough proof that mail has been delivered. Addresses will be automated in the system and this will enable customers to have a locator service, which is accessed through the website of The Australian Post (Sapra Subramanian, 2014). The locator will also be downloadable on mobile device. Services will be provided all over Australia hence consumers will be able to experience convenience wherever they are. New Service Creation The automation process of The Australian Posts mail system will assist the government to develop new services for Australian citizens. Presence of an accurate system and the locator will improve orientation all over Australia. This assists different companies to benefit from these services and offer better services in their sectors. An accurate and efficient database will also be created for customers as it will include name, age, profession and next of kin contacts (West et al, 2014). The Australian post will also enhance its parcel delivery services and through this, the business can grow at a steady rate. In implementing the automation of the mail delivery system for The Australian Post, the following strategic steps will be taken. Creation of a New Vision The Australian Post will create a new vision and review its current corporate structure so that the use of the new technology will fit in with the organizations business model. The company can re-invent the mail identity logo of the company and this will signify the beginning of an important strategic change. The IT department of The Australian Post will create a project team to develop the new automated solution (Afande, 2013). They will carry out extensive research to ensure that that the best technology is used and adapted to the business environment of the company. Choosing Right Technology The Australian Post will have to settle on the right technology that will lead to an efficient mail delivery system. The most recent technology will have to be chosen and it should be cost effective and easy to upgrade. The systems that will be chosen must take into consideration the political and governmental factors in Australia. The choice of technology provider will also be important (Brewer Rees, 2015). The company should chose organizations with success stories and whose support is available all over the country. This will assist the company to maximize its returns. Support Creativity The Australian Post should allow internal creativity and incentives given to employees who come up with brilliant ideas related to automation of the postal system. A great organizational culture that encourages innovation should be put in place (Verberke, 2013). Constant training should therefore be carried out by the company so nurture employees into coming up with creative ideas. Stakeholder Communication A product or service becomes successful when it meets the demands of customers. The Australian Post has to ensure that the new service will move beyond the introduction phase and gets to the growth phase where the company will start realizing profits from the new service. The company has to implement a stakeholder communication strategy, which can be implemented as in the table below (Mok, Shen Yang, 2015). The Australian post stakeholders Type of communication Means of communication Stake in mail automation project Project Manager Briefs and Phone Email and Internal Memo High-Ensures all deliverables are on course Project IT Engineer Briefs and Phone Email and Internal Memo High-Designs Automated Mail Delivery System Marketing and Sales Team Briefs and Phone Email and Internal Memo Medium Marketing automated mail delivery system Finance Team Briefs and Phone Email and Internal Memo High-Make sure that the project utilizes funds appropriately Quality Team Briefs and Phone Email and Internal Memo High-Ensures mail automated system meets standards of quality Test Team Briefs and Phone Email and Internal Memo High-Ensures automated system operates as required Australian Government Briefs and Phone Email and Internal Memo Medium-Make sure that regulations are met The Australian Post Customers Phone / Direct Messaging /Adverts E-mail /Direct Mail Low- They will only adopt service if automated system is efficient and effective Project Option Analysis The following assessment criteria will be taken into consideration when doing the project Achievement Rating The Australian Post will consider if the automation project will meet the strategic objectives, which have been set (Song Wang, 2016). The strategic objectives are: Delivering Stellar Customer Service Empowering and Engaging Employees Innovation of Faster Delivery Services Investment in Future Platforms Be a leader in sustainabilit Project Cost and Predictions PROJECT EXPENSES-MAIL AUTOMATION PROJECT Legal $100,000 IT System Implementation $ 1,000,000 Infrastructure Setup /Drones $ 400,000 Human Resource Requirements $100,000 Training $50,000 Marketing and Advertising $100,000 Transport and Logistics $ 100,000 TOTAL PROJECT COST $1,850,000 Cash Flow Statements With implementation of the project, The Australian Post cash flow is shown below (Aupost 2017). CONSOLIDATED 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total Cash Received AUD 7086900 7441245 8185369.5 9,822,443.4 Total Cash Used AUD 6679000 7012950 7714245 9257094 Net Cash From Operating Expenses AUD 407000 427350 470085 564102 Net Cash used by Investing Activities AUD (274,000) (260,300) (234,270) (187,416) Net Increase/Decrease in Cash AUD 132000 138600 152460 182952 Cash Equivalents at the end of the year AUD 547000 574350 631785 758142 Net Present Value Ct= net cash inflow during the period t AUD 547,000 Co= total initial investment costs 1,850,000 r =discount rate, and t = number of time periods 4 (Aupost, 2017) NPV = AUD 361,389.70 hence the project is viable Delivery of Recommended Solution The proposed automated mail system for The Australian Post will be implemented using the following methods. Streamlining Zip Codes The Australian Post will divide the country into different locations, which will then have unique identifiers. These will be input into a computer system and transformed into a digital map (Sheedey Moloney,2015). Through this, locations will be easily identified by their unique zip codes. Field Research A research will be done to ensure that codes have been assigned to all locations in Australia and that none is left uncovered. The research will assist in identification of any errors and enable their correction. Installation of Boxes Boards will be fixed on different locations as identifiers and they will have radio-frequency identification chips that will store unique information about a recipient. Previous mailboxes will also be assigned with the unique chip. The chip will be housed in a water-proof compartment so that it is weather resistant (Sheedey Moloney,2015). The mail delivery person will have a unique device, which will be used to scan the chip before delivery is made so that there are no wrong deliveries. Mail Collection and Delivery process The mail delivery system will be integrated with The Australian Posts Customer Relationship Management System, transport system and sorting departments. Previous clients will not need to register again. New clients interested in mailboxes will fill in a specific form available electronically or physically at the post office. A yearly fee will be applicable but it will be at an affordable price to customers. Customers will access costs of postal services through website and can allocate specific times for delivery or collection of mail. In the sorting centers, electronic sorting machines will be used .The machine will have the capability of reading the zip code and distributing the mail accordingly. Change of address will be an online process. Drones The company will start implementing drone technology to assist in delivery of extremely urgent mail or parcels. They will be fitted with special details that will enable them to trace a customers location hence make the appropriate delivery on time. This will revolutionize the operations of The Australian Post and will help in increasing its customer base. Training of Staff Prior to implementation there will be staff training implemented across all the branches of The Australian Post. The emphasis will be on excellent customer service and getting processes right. Through this, employees will embrace the project and will confidently handle any customer queries (Sheedey Moloney,2015). It will also provide a platform for more innovative ideas from employees that can be implemented in the future. Conclusion Paper can endure as an effective means of communication so long as The Australian Post implements its strategy in an ingenious manner. The fact that there are new technologies does not mean paper has to be done away with. The technologies can be used to enhance the use of paper as an effective way of communicating. The Australian Post can therefore sustain the project and increase their customer base through automating their mail syste References Afande, O. F. (2013). Effects of strategic management practices on performance of financial institutions in Kenya: A case of Kenya Post Office Savings Bank.International Journal of Business Management and Administration, 2 (6), 122-141. Aupost (2017). Aupost Financial Reports. Retrieved from https://auspost.com.au/ Aupost (2017). History of The Australian Post. Retrieved from https://auspost.com.au/ Batterson, R. (2014).U.S. Patent Application No. 14/151,805. Brewer, S., Rees, D. (2015). Exploiting the potential of creative, digital business clusters: a strategic leadership challenge. Chong, A., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A. (2014). Letter grading government efficiency.Journal of the European Economic Association,12(2), 277-298. Crew, M. A., Kleindorfer, P. R. (Eds.). (2013).Emerging Competition in Postal and Delivery Services(Vol. 31). Springer Science Business Media. Daunton, M. J. (2015).Royal Mail: The post office since 1840. NY,Bloomsbury Publishing. Love, J. H., Roper, S. (2015). SME innovation, exporting and growth: A review of existing evidence.International Small Business Journal,33(1), 28-48. Mok, K. Y., Shen, G. Q., Yang, J. (2015). Stakeholder management studies in mega construction projects: A review and future directions.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), 446-457. Sapra, H., Subramanian, A., Subramanian, K. V. (2014). Corporate governance and innovation: Theory and evidence.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,49(4), 957-1003. Sheedy, C., Moloney, M. (2015). Digital Inclusion: A Role for Postal Operators in a Smart World. InPostal and Delivery Innovation in the Digital Economy(pp. 183-194). Springer International Publishing. Song, L., Wang, J. (2016). An investigation of home delivery models and logistics services in China. InTransportation Research Board 95th Annual Meeting(No. 16-3181). Verbeke, A. (2013).International business strategy. NY,Cambridge University Press. West, J., Salter, A., Vanhaverbeke, W., Chesbrough, H. (2014). Open innovation: The next decade.

Marketing Plan for Langkawi Essay Example

Marketing Plan for Langkawi Essay Executive summary Langkawi, such an amazing island, attracted a lot of people from all over the world. Unbalanced regional development, domestic and foreign tourism competition make Langkawi cannot get a development very well, that is the reason why Langkawi cannot be the world-wild attraction. A right marketing plan can make Langkawi give full play to its advantages and make up for weakness, and then get a good development of marketing. Setting marketing objectives, confirm target markets, use marketing strategies to develop a marketing plan for Langkawi is the focal point of this article. Introduction Langkawi, â€Å"The Island of Legend† is located 108 kilometers northwest of Peninsular Malaysia, the border of Malaysia and Thailand. Comprising a group of 104 islands, the biggest one is Langkawi, it is a place for those seeking tranquility and refuge from the hustle and bustle of city life. The area is about 526 square kilometers. The main island spans about 25 kilometers from north to south. Two-thirds of island covered forests, hills and natural vegetation. It’s a biggest cluster island in Malaysia, constitute of 99 limestone islands. Langkawi Island is richly blessed with a heritage of fabulous myths and legends. As a natural paradise, this island perhaps is incomparable anywhere else in Southeast Asia. The country beauty of the island makes itself a compelling attraction. Langkawi, a drooping part of Malaysia, attracted no tourists until 1987. In 1997, there are 1. 7million tourists visited Langkawi and the number reached 2. 38million in 2009. Most of the development is in the main town of Kuah and in isolated beach resorts around the coast. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Plan for Langkawi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Plan for Langkawi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Plan for Langkawi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The airport is located on this island as well hotel resorts, restaurants and shops. The two main beaches, Pantai Cenang and Pantai Kok, are on the islands western coast, with Pantai Cenang being the most popular as the place for hotels and restaurants. Dotted along the northern coast are the more luxurious resorts. With the only intention to promote tourism, the island was granted a tax-free status. Government has come up with special developments to promote the tourism industry in Langkawi. Tourists are also requested not to bring any cars or other vehicles to go to this island, so it can save this city far from pollution and then make it as a green tourist destination. The Northern Corridor Economic Region development program is a Malaysia Government initiative to promote the economic growth in the north of Peninsular Malaysia . In order to improve the Langkawi’s position as a world-class tourist destination, the Northern Corridor Economic Region is trying hard to attract further world-class hotels and holiday resorts to this island. In the folk custom aspects, the entertainment service development in Langkawi is not a patch on Phuket Island, the rich of history and culture is not as good as Bali Island, but it has abundant natural and geological beauty, simplicity and peaceful country life, leisurely and comfortable tourism atmosphere, it can be developed as an ecological, geological and leisure tourism island. That makes Langkawi not only have a unique style with neighboring famous islands, but also an intellectual tourism trend for satisfy tourists yearning at present. Langkawi is surrounded with many legends that could be used in the marketing of the island. In addition to the natural and social resources, Langkawi has many other resources that could be developed into visitor attractions such as rubber fields, factories, fishing villages and the Hindu temples. The change of the future is expected to the attentive planning and decision by Lembaga Pembangunan Langkawi (LADA). Marketing objectives Langkawi is a potential island for coastal tourism. Coastal tourism has been the worlds largest tourism hot spots and important pillar. With the development of the economy and coastal tourism in the context of the global is developing quickly, coastal tourism development of real estate has become an important component. In order to develop coastal tourism reasonable, the marketing plan should be suitable for langkawi. Vision To become a world-class agency in the efficient and creative development of langkawis infrastructure and tourism industry. Mission To develop langkawis specialized attractions (such as theme park) objective 1. To protect natural resource in order to obtain sustainable development. 2. To improve entertainment facilities in langkawi. . To create a theme park for eco-tourism. 4. Promote Langkawi as an international tourist destination. The island has an abundance of potential, especially in eco-tourism. They could build a theme park that co-exists with the environment and encourages eco-awareness. (Jimmy Leong ). only focuses on ecological protection, and to obtain sustainable development. The inter national success coastal resorts all pay attention to ecological protection principle. Target markets From region, the figure shows that more than 70% of visitor in langkawi is from Malaysia, that means main visitor market in langkawi is domestic market. However, Thailand, Singapore is Langkawis largest market for foreign tourist. And from demography, family and couple prefer to go langkawi. Because langkawi is a quite beautiful and reasonable coasts for destination. Couple choose langkawi as honeymoon destination. The family go vacation because of amazing landscape, and also duty free shop. According to statistics released by the Tourism Division of the Langkawi Development Authority, that there were 2,461,455 visitors stayed on the island during 2009 which nearly 25% were from overseas, All in all, Langkawis target market is couples and families both in international and domestic. Marketing strategies Product pricing The price that tourism enterprises set need to conform to the certain standards, if the price is too low, customers may thought those products are not worth to buy, tourism enterprises are hard to get a profit, and if the price is too high, customers have no ability to consumption, there will be no demand on it. In Langkawi, some luxury hotels, restaurants and entertainment industries can use high price strategy to approaching market and it is good for market positioning. Travel agency, local attractions and hotels can offer discount for visitors when they reaches a certain amount. Some hotels, motels or airlines can provide seasonal discount in rainy season, international flights can adjustment the price according to the size of demand, and the purpose is to attract customers, make sure they can get a profit. Pricing can be based on competitors, it is a kind of methods that pricing according to the price of competitors. Price variance remains unchanged and always be a little higher than competitors or a bit lower. So ompare to other islands, Langkawi can pricing according to its dominant position and give a higher price, for inferior position, we can give a discount for customers, in order to attract them to come. Promotion Promoting the tourism development of Langkawi is very necessary. Promotion can be used in various ways. Public relations is a good way to promote it, we can make people pay attention to the propaganda by special events or public s ervice activities. There are a lot of people from all over the world, looking for the information of Langkawi on the Internet. These potential visitors want to know the interesting places in this island, where they can stay, which restaurant offers the best meal. We can build websites about Langkawi’s detailed information, shows the travel and accommodation arrangements and let people know what the suitable choice is for them. Hotels can offer special discount for attracting tourists to stay in Langkawi, whatever people come to Langkawi for business, vacation or conference, Langkawi has different kinds of accommodation types to serve customers, discount hotels can attract more tourists to stay because most of them want to save money. Airlines can provide cheap flights, make everyone can travel by air. Travel agency can promote the preferential travel project, save money and time for visitors. We can also advertise Langkawi through media, newspaper, magazine, television or â€Å"giveaways† such as calendars and training packages, print and send out brochures, provide travel reservation service and use publicity to build a positive image of Langkawi, let people see them in their daily life. People Only find that demand can satisfy the demand. The process of finding demand needs to realize by employees. Tourism enterprises need to arouse the enthusiasm of the employees, let them seeking for potential customers according to the demand of them. The employees with high quality and comply with the requirements are very important. Training the industry professionals, make sure travel agency employees can let visitors have a good experience in Langkawi, and get satisfactory services from hotels, restaurants and other entertainment industries, because their service attitude and level is one of the key factors which decided to customers on the tourism enterprises satisfaction, a not professional employee may be adly affect Langkawi’s image, leading to the loss of customers, reduce the economic income of travel enterprises, affect the development of tourism industry in Langkawi. â€Å"People† not only those of the employees, but also customers. The feeling of customers on the service quality may be affected by the opinion of other customers. The marketing goal is getting loyal customers those whom believe in tourism enterprises and think they are worth to spend, and they are also willing to recommend Langkawi to other customers, thus to improve the popularity and positive image of Langkawi. Processes While producing and service delivering at the same time, process management can guarantee the availability of service and stable quality. Otherwise, it is very difficult to balance the supply and demand of service. We must find the way to handle the peak demands, seeking the method in different level to maximum satisfy the different needs of different customers. In the implementation process of Langkawi’s marketing planning, it might happened some accidents because of the change of the market, we must do our best for the supervision, regulate and control in the whole process, to achieve the best effect of marketing. To sum up, in the marketing strategies combinations of Langkawi, in addition to the human factors are uncontrolled, other factors are controllable. We should adapt to the external environment actively, give full play to Langkawi’s advantages and make up for weakness, and then get a good development of marketing. Physical evidence Physical evidence is making the invisible services of products as much as possible becoming visible products, let consumers fell that the service product is exists, and improving visitors enjoy the value of the service products process. Germany has a successful businessman said: a simple reception is better than a detailed manual. For example, the first time a visit goes to the langkawi restaurant, before entered the restaurant, the restaurant’s appearance and signs has made him an initial impression. If the impression is good, he will go into the restaurant, and then the internal decorate, how clean the desktop is and the waiters’ etiquette image will directly to decide he will repast here or not. If management and utilization t well, it can help customers experience the characteristic of langkawi, improve the service when you get to enjoy the benefit and contribute to create a good image for langkawi, to support the implementation of the marketing strategy. Conversely, it may send wrong message to customers, influence the customers expectations and judgment to langkawi, it will damage the image of langkawi. Physical evidence should focus on object factors, human factors and atmosphere factors and it also can improve physical evidence from outdoor billboards, TV advertising and the promotion activities in public places. We can add the local customs and features to langkawi’s guideposts and signs, on the other hand, service personnel should dress the same uniform, intensify efforts to make slogan and publicity material. Conclusion Langkawi is a romantic, beautiful island which has richly natural resources, where nature itself also has many excellent conditions, making her a paradise in Southeast Asia. Walking on the main island of Langkawi, an oasis of Rubber Forest and paddy fields are in front of you, dotted with the traditional tall houses (Ganlan), coconut waves, two or three Islanders who make a living by fishing and farming pass by. All these form a very laid-back screen. On this island which is full of ancient legend, the earth fell asleep in a lullaby of insect croak piping. In addition to  the beautiful  natural scenery, Langkawi also  has a long  history and  traditional culture. Langkawi  is a  duty-free island that you  can buy  a lot of  duty-free products. As the famous internationally archipelago of 99 tropical islands in Malaysia, Langkawi is the absolute holiday paradise which offers modern accommodation facilities and amenities set against the natural backdrop of sun-drenched beaches and ancient rainforests teeming with exotic plant and animal life. For its beautiful geological heritage of stunning landscapes, Langkawi is a really good place to go, it is absolute a fantastic travel destination. Experience the beautiful countryside and the peaceful landscape of paddy fields, pass by some small villages with wooden houses which build by palm trees, and children pedaling their old bicycles on the road. Beautiful scenery, great adventures, five-star conveniences and an international airport make Langkawi a great place for a holiday. An agro-based economy of padi and rubber cultivation and fisheries is being ast overtaken by a tourism-driven economy, taking into consideration the natural, unspoiled, ecological beauty of the island and major governmental emphasis. The largest and most developed island known as Langkawi is the focal point for most visitors. Traditionally the islanders have relied upon the farming and fishing industries for their livelihood, but in 1987 they were awarded Duty Free status, and the subsequent increase i n visitors has promoted tourism to the point of being the islands largest industry. Tourism is one of the most important industries in Malaysias national economy, and it has an important effect on promoting national economic and social development. Malaysia is richly in natural tourism resources and culture tourism resources. Since the 1960s, tourism resource advantages are gradually translated into the real economic advantages. With the rapid development of Malaysian tourism industry, during the past 50 years, remarkable achievements have been made in the number of tourists to Malaysian, foreign exchange income, tourism infrastructure construction, the opening and protection of tourism resources, and some other aspects. Langkawi has rich tourism resources. Develop Langkawi tourism market is good for the local economy,it can provide more jobs for local people. So develop a good marketing plan for Langkawi is very necessary, it can promote the development of tourism industry, thus promote the development of entirety economic in Malaysia. References Jeremy, A. (2002), The rough guide to Southeast Asia, Rough Guides Ltd,Mohamed, Z. H. I. (2000), The legends of Langkawi, Utusan Publications Distributors Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur. John, S. Michael, T. (1998), How to prepare a marketing plan: a guide to reaching the customer market, MPG Books Ltd, Great Britain. John, W. (2010), How to write a marketing plan, Replika Press Pvt Ltd, India. Malcolm, M. Hugh, W. (2011), Marketing Plans: How to prepare them, how to use them, John Wiley Sons Ltd, United Kingdom. Simon, R. (2007), Malaysia, Singapore Brunei, Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd, Australia. Susan, B. (2001), Successful tourism marketing: a practica l handbook, Kogan Page Limited, London.

Bsnl Training Essay Example

Bsnl Training Essay A TRAINING REPORT ON BROADBAND SERVICES - SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: Training Placement Cell MUDIT GUPTA (S. D. COLEGE OF ENGG. BRANCH – C. S. TECHNOLOGY) SEM. – VII CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the training report entitled bSNL bROADBAND SERVICES submitted is a bonafide study work carried out by MR. MUDIT GUPTA under the supervision and guidance of SH. K. P. SINGH. During training period, trainee has learnt about overall exposure of RLU exchange, telecommunication network and bsnl broadband and 3G services. MUDIT GUPTA is a student of b. tech ivth year, S. d. College of engineering and technology, muzaffarnagar(u. p. ) . He has attended the b. s. n. l, Shivchowk, Exchange, Muzaffarnagar for six weeks. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am very much thankful and want to express my profound gratitude in respect of Computer Engineers, b. s. n. l. ,mzn, who permitted me for the practical training in their Department. I am also grateful to all Technical Staff of B. S. N. L. whose transcendent thoughts were the tremendous source of inspiration and encouragement, which will be definitely important for me as far my future is concerned. They explained primary techniques in a very easy manner. I also extend my gratitude to whole staff of B. S. N. L. , Muzaffarnagar, for their kind cooperation. CONTENTS Page No.  ¦ Company Profile 4-5  ¦ Vision, Mission and Objectives 6  ¦ Broadband Services 9 Technology Used 10  ¦ Wired Line 11-17  ¦ Wireless Line 18-26  ¦ Bibliography 12 COMPANY PROFILE On October 1, 2000 the Department of Telecom Operations, Government of India became a corporation and was christened Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). We will write a custom essay sample on Bsnl Training specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Bsnl Training specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Bsnl Training specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Today, BSNL is the largest Public Sector Undertaking of India and its responsibilities include improvement of the already impeccable quality of telecom services, expansion of telecom network introduction of new telecom services in all villages and instilling confidence among its customers. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is Worlds 7th largest Telecommunications Company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in India: Wireline, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc. Presently it is one of the largest leading public sector unit in India. BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in the country and now focusing on improving it, expanding the network, introducing new telecom services with ICT applications in villages and wining customers confidence. Today, it has about 47. 3 million line basic telephone capacity, 4 million WLL capacity, 48. 11 Million GSM Capacity, more than 37382 fixed exchanges, 44966 BTS, 3140 Node B ( 3G BTS), 287 Satellite Stations, 480196 Rkm of OFC Cable, 63730 Rkm of Microwave Network connecting 602 Districts, 7330 cities/towns and 5. Lakhs villages. BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts and planned initiatives to bridge the Rural-Urban Digital Divide ICT sector. In fact there is no telecom operator in the country to beat its reach with its wide network giving services in every nook corner of country and operates across India except Delhi Mumbai. Whether it is inaccessible areas of Siachen glacier an d North-eastern region of the country. BSNL serves its customers with its wide bouquet of telecom services. BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP infrastructure that provides convergent services like voice, data and video through the same Backbone and Broadband Access Network. At present there are 0. 6 million DataOne broadband customers. The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and Maintenance of Switching Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000 certified Telecom Training Institute. BSNL cellular service, CellOne, has more than 49. 09 million cellular customers, garnering 16. 98 percent of all mobile users in its area of operation as its subscribers. In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead of its rivals, with 35. 1 million Basic Phone subscribers i. e. 85 per cent share of the subscriber base and 92 percent share in revenue terms. BSNL plans to expand its customer base from present 47 millions lines to 125 million lines by December 2007 and infrastructure investment plan to the tune of Rs. 733 crores (US$ 16. 67 million) in the next three years. The turnover, nationwide coverage, reach, comprehensive range of telecom services and the desire to excel has made BSNL the No. 1 Telecom Company of India. VISION, MISSION OBJECTIVES VISION: To become the largest telecom Service Provider in   Asia. MISSION: To provide world class State-of-art technology telecom services to its customers on demand at competitive prices. To Provide world class telecom infrastructure in its area of operation and to contribute to the growth of  the  countrys economy. OBJECTIVES: (1) To be the Lead Telecom Services Provider. (2) To provide mobile telephone service of high quality and become no. 1 GSM operator in its area of operation. (3) To provide point of interconnection to other service provider as per their requirement promptly. 4) Contribute towards: (i) National Plan Target of 500 million subscriber base for India by 2010. (ii) Providing telephone connection in villages as per government policy. (iii) Implementation of Triple play as a regular commercial proposition. (5) To facilitate R D activity in the country. Voice The majority of all telecommunication today uses Digital techniques, and the dominance of digital is so strong that in this text we will neglect Analog communication almost completely. When communicating voice digitally, the sound waves in the air must be digitalized. This is done by sampling the sound waves: measuring their shape, and converting this measurement into numbers. These numbers are a digital form of the voice signal. At the receiver, the measurement values (called samples) are used to reconstruct the original sound wave. To be able to reconstruct the voice with sufficient quality, the number of samples taken (called the Sampling-rate) and the accuracy of each sample (called the Resolution) must be sufficient. This is a trade-off, because the more samples, the more digital numbers needs to be transmitted, and this costs money. As a good compromise for understandable voice, the telecom community agreed to take 8000 samples per second, each 8 bits precise. This will not result into perfect audio-quality, but it is enough to understand the person on the other side of the line. As you are converting the sound waves to digital numbers, you create a continuous stream of information flow: every second you generate transport terminate 8000*8 = 64000 bits. This amount is called the Bit-rate. As a result a single digital voice connection is often referred to as a 64 kbps (kilo-bits-per-second). This continuous stream lasts as long as the phone conversation lasts, typically a few minutes. Note: As a comparison, an audio CD signal uses 44100 samples per second, each 16 bit precision, and two channels (left+right) to provide stereo. You will agree that CD sound quality is much better than a phone-line, but the price for this is that you need to transport 1. 411 Mbps for the CD (mega-bits-per-second), where only 64 kbps for a telephone line. Data When computers or machines communicate with each other, they usually dont send a continuous stream of information. Typically a computer needs some limited input data, then processes this, and responds with a limited amount of result data. Therefore data communication is using the concept of information packets a group of information bits. So one computer sends a packet of input to the other computer, which processes it, and then returns a packet with the results. BROADBAND SERVICES Broadband is often called high-speed Internet, because it usually has a high rate of data transmission. In general, any connection to the customer of 256 kbit/s (0. 256 Mbit/s) or more is considered broadband Internet. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has defined broadband as 256 kbit/s in at least one direction and this bit rate is the most common baseline that is marketed as broadband around the world. Telecommunication regulatory authority of India(TRAI) defines broadband as â€Å"an always on data connection that is able to support interactive services including internet access has the capability of the minimum download speed of 256Kbps to an individual subscriber from the point of presence of the service provider intending to provide broadband service where multiple uch individual broadband connections are aggregated the subscriber is able to access these interactive services including the internet through the POP. The interactive services will include any services for which a separate license is specifically required. For example- real time voice transmission, except to the extent that it is presently permitted under ISP license with internet Telephony†. TECHNOLOGY USED Broadband access technology is classified into two categories: Wired Line * DSL (Digital subscriber’s line) * Cable Modem * PLC (power line communication) * Optical fibre technologies Wireless Line * 3G Mobile Wi-Fi (Wireless fidelity) * Wi-Max * FSO (Free space optical) * LMDS MMDS * Satellite Wired Line: * DSL: Digital subscriber lines apply modern digital techniques on twisted pair medium to deliver new services over existing infrastructure. The bandwidth and quality of a typical analog telephone line is relatively low (300 3400 Hz). This is mainly because there is a wide variety of types, lengths, qualities, etc of twisted pairs used, and an analog line must assume the worst-case common denominator of all. However, todays more powerful signal processing and computing techniques allow building equipment hat adapts to each particular twisted pair, optimizing the use of it case by case, and resulting in much higher throughputs. For the Telecom operator, the advantages are: * No additional cable-cost: uses existing telephone line. * Telephone network is not used for data-services, like accessing the Internet. Telephone networks are dimensioned for phone calls, not for accessing the Internet. For example the average phone call duration is 100 seconds, when surfing the Internet this is much longer, resulting in congestion in the telephone network. Advantages for the end-user: High throughput up to Mbps. * Telephone is still available when surfing the Internet, telephone and data-services can be used at the same time. HDSL XDSL is a family name for a number of similar techniques. The x is a placeholder for several variants of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL). The first one, which was developed, was High Speed Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) It is a symmetrical technique, the same bandwidth is available in both directions. HDSL is typically deployed in the network where 2. 048 Mbps are needed, but only twisted pair (no coax or fiber) is a vailable. ADSL Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is the best-known variant of XDSL: The main principles are the same, but the bandwidths are divided Asymmetrical: more bandwidth is made available from network to user (Downstream) then from network to user (Upstream). This matches with typical residential applications, Such as: * Video-on-Demand (VOD): video, typically a few Mbps going downstream, with the user control (selecting the video, play, stop, rewind, etc) only a few kbps going upstream. * Internet: WEB-contents going downstream are megabytes; user requests are only a few hundred bytes. Figure: Internet Access Provider, ADSL VDSL Digital subscriber lines make a trade-off between bandwidth and distance: the shorter the line, the higher the throughput. As a result of this, a number of variants of DSL-techniques are being developed, from long distance – low bandwidth to short distance high bandwidth. Another parameter is the division of Upstream/Downstream bandwidth. This can be: * Symmetrical: the same in each direction, * Asymmetrical, fixed * Asymmetrical, dynamic: the total bandwidth, upstream+downstream is fixed, but at any time this total can be assigned in a certain ratio to either direction. New DSL variants using these new techniques are called Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) Figure: Different DSL technique CABLE MODEM A cable modem with a splitter can provide Internet access to multiple PCs, if they are connected via a LAN. * Tuner converts TV channel to a fixed lower frequency (6 to 40 Mhz). * Demodulator performs A/D demodulation, error correction MPEG synchronization. * MAC extracts data from MPEG frames, filters data for other cable modem, runs the protocol. * Burst modulator performs RS encoding modulation frequency conversion/A conversion. Interface can be PCI bus, universal serial bus, Ethernet or others. Figure : -Cable Modem POWER-LINE COMMUNICATION(PLC) This is a new service still in its infancy that may eventually permit broadband Internet data to travel down standard high-voltage power lines. Broadband over power lines (BPL), also known as Power line communication, has developed faster in Europe than in the US due to a historical difference in power system design philosophies. Nearly all large power grids transmit power at high voltages in order to reduce transmission losses, then near the customer use step-down transformers to reduce the voltage. Since BPL signals cannot readily pass through transformers, repeaters must be attached to the transformers. In the US, it is common for a small transformer hung from a utility pole to service a single house. In Europe, it is more common for a somewhat larger transformer to service 10 or 100 houses. For delivering power to customers, this difference in design makes little difference, but it means delivering BPL over the power grid of a typical US city will require an order of magnitude more repeaters than would be required in a comparable European city. The second major issue is signal strength and operating frequency. The system is expected to use frequencies in the 10 to 30 MHz range, which has been used for decades by licensed amateur radio operators, as well as international shortwave broadcasters and a variety of communications systems (military, aeronautical, etc. ). However there are some disadvantages of using PLC communication: N/w characterstics devices can advesely affect signal strength quality. Electronic loads nearby high frequency radiation sources may cause high frequency noise that interferes BPL. Some PLC systems are not fully operable at very low or no load without battery backup. Physics limits frequency on power lines to ; 100 Mhz. BPL is not likely to be available soon for high voltage(;66Kv)power lines. Conventional electronic surge arrestors severely attenuate BPL signals. OPTIC-FIBRE TECHNOLOGY Currently fibre costs are high as compared to copper but there is a trend towards decreasing costs of optical fibre cables and photonics employed. To carry same information as one fibre cable we would need hundreds of reels of twisted wire copper cables. Fibre is 23 times lighter than copper cable 36 times less in cross section. Advantages Of Optic-Fibre Communication: Small Size and Weight: Optical fibers have very small diameters which are often no greater than the diameter of a human hair. Hence, even when such fibers are covered with protective coatings they are far smaller and much lighter than corresponding copper cables. This is a tremendous boon towards the alleviation of duct congestion in cities, as well as allowing for an expansion of signal transmiss ion within mobiles such as aircraft, satellites and even ships. †¢ Signal Security: The light from optical fibers does not radiate significantly and therefore they provide a high degree of signal security. Unlike the situation with copper cables, a transmitted optical signal cannot be obtained from a fiber in a noninvasive manner (i. e. without drawing optical power from the fiber). Therefore, in theory, any attempt to acquire a message signal transmitted optically may be detected. This feature is obviously attractive for military, banking and general data transmission (i. e. computer network) application. †¢ Ruggedness and Flexibility:- Although protective coatings are essential, optical fibers may be manufactured with very high tensile strengths. Perhaps surprisingly for a glassy substance, the fibers may also be bent to quite small radii or twisted without damage. Furthermore cable structures have been developed which have proved flexible, compact and extremely rugged. Taking the size and weight advantage into account, these optical fiber cables are generally superior in terms of storage, transportation, handling and installation to corresponding copper cables, whilst exhibiting at least comparable strength and durability. †¢ System Reliability And Ease Of Maintenance :- These features primarily stem from the low loss property of optical fiber cables which reduces the equirement for intermediate repeaters or line amplifiers to boost the transmitted signal strength. Hence with fewer repeaters, system furthermore, the reliability of the optical components is no longer a problem with predicted lifetimes of 20 to 30 years now quite common. Both these factors also tend to reduce maintenance time and costs. †¢ Enormous P otential Bandwidth: The optical carrier frequency in the range 1013 to 1016 Hz (generally in the near infrared around 1014 Hz or 105 GHz) yields a far greater potential transmission bandwidth than metallic cable systems. i. e. coaxial cable bandwidth up to around 500 MHz) or even millimetre wave radio systems (i. e. systems currently operating with modulation bandwidths of 700 MHz ). At present, the bandwidth available to fiber systems is not fully utilized but modulation at several gigahertz over a hundred kilometers and hundreds of megahertz over three hundred kilometers without intervening electronics (repeaters) is possible. Therefore, the information – carrying capacity of optical fiber systems has proved far superior to the best copper cable systems. Wireless Line: * Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a standard and communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range (power-class-dependent: 1 meter, 10 meters, 100 meters) based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device. Bluetooth enables these devices to communicate with each other when they are in range. The devices use a radio communications system, so they do not have to be in line of sight of each other, and can even be in other rooms, as long as the received transmission is powerful enough. Bluetooth exists in many products, such as telephones, printers, modems and headsets. The technology is useful when transferring information between two or more devices that are near each other in low-bandwidth situations. Bluetooth is commonly used to transfer sound data with telephones (i. e. with a Bluetooth headset) or byte data with hand-held computers (transferring files). Bluetooth protocols simplify the discovery and setup of services between devices. Any Bluetooth device can, in theory, host any other Bluetooth device. This makes using services easier because there is no longer a need to set up network addresses or permissions as in many other network. More prevalent applications of Bluetooth include: Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a hands-free headset. This was one of the earliest applications to become popular. Wireless networking between PCs in a confined space and where little bandwidth is required. Wireless communications with PC input and output devices, the most common being the mouse, keyboard and printer. Replacement of traditional wired serial communications in test equipment, GPS receivers, medical equipment, bar code scanners, and traffic control devices. For controls where infrared was traditionally used. Sending small advertisements from Bluetooth enabled advertising hoardings to other, discoverable, Bluetooth devices. Future of Bluetooth: * Broadcast Channel: enables Bluetooth information points. This will drive the adoption of Bluetooth into mobile phones, and enable advertising models based around users pulling information from the information points, and not based around the object push model that is used in a limited way today. Topology Management: enables the automatic configuration of the piconet topologies especially in scatternet situations that are becoming more common today. This should all be invisible to the users of the technology, while also making the technology just work. * Alternate MAC PHY: enables the use of alternative MAC and PHYs for transporting Bluetooth profile data. The Bluetooth Radio will still be used for device discovery, initial connection and profile configuration, however when lots of data needs to be sent, the high speed alternate MAC PHYs will be used to transport the data. This means that the proven low power connection models of Bluetooth are used when the system is idle, and the low power per bit radios are used when lots of data needs to be sent. * QoS improvements: enable audio and video data to be transmitted at a higher quality, especially when best effort traffic is being transmitted in the same piconet. Figure: -A typical Bluetooth USB dongle * 3-G Mobile: 2. 54 3 G falls into the category of broadband access. 2. 5G- GSM (EDGE/GPRS), CDMA 3G-VMTS/WCDMA, CDMA, speed achieved by 3G is 384K(M),2048K(S) Technology| 3G| Frequency Band| 1. 8-2. 5 GHz| Bandwidth| 5-20 MHz| Data Rate| Up-to 2 Mbps| Access| W-CDMA| FEC| Turbo-Codes| Switching| Cirsuit/Packet| Figure: -3G Services * Wi-Fi: A Wi-Fi enabled device such as a PC, game console, cell phone, MP3 player or PDA can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or more interconnected access points — called a hotspot — can comprise an area as small as a single room with wireless-opaque walls or as large as many square miles covered by overlapping access points. Wi-Fi technology has served to set up mesh networks, for example, in London. Both architectures can operate in community networks. In addition to restricted use in homes and offices, Wi-Fi can make access publicly available at Wi-Fi hotspots provided either free of charge or to subscribers to various providers. Wi-Fi also allows connectivity in peer-to-peer (wireless ad-hoc network) mode, which enables devices to connect directly with each other. This connectivity mode can prove useful in consumer electronics and gaming applications. Figure : -A keychain size Wi-Fi detector. Operational advantages: Wi-Fi allows LANs (Local Area Networks) to be deployed without cabling for client devices, typically reducing the costs of network deployment and expansion. Spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs. * WiMAX WiMAX, an approximate acronym of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a telecommunications technology that provides for the wireless transmission of data using a variety of transmission modes, from point-to-point links to full mobile cellular-type access. The technology provides upto 70 Mb/sec symmetric broadband speed without the need for cables. The technology is based on the IEEE 802. 16 standard (also called WirelessMAN). The name WiMAX was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. Uses: The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications: * Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots to the Internet. * Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for last mile broadband access. * Providing data and telecommunications services. Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan. That is, if a business has a fixed and a wireless Internet connection, especially from unrelated providers, they are unlikely to be affected by the same service outage. * Providing portable connectivity. Comparison with Wi-Fi: Comparisons and confusion between WiMAX and Wi-Fi are frequent, possibly because both begin with the same two letters, are based upon IEEE standards beginning with 802. , and are related to wireless connectivity and Internet access. However, the two standards are aimed at different applications. WiMAX is a long-range system, covering many miles/kilometers that typically uses licensed spectrum (although it is possible to use unlicensed spectrum) to deliver a point-to-point connection to the Internet from an ISP to an end user. Different 802. 16 standards provide different types of access, from mobile (similar to a cellphone) to fixed (an alternative to wired access, where the end users wireless termination point is fixed in location. ) * Wi-Fi is generally a shorter range system, typically tens of yards/meters, though its range can be extended to over a kilometer using directional antennas. Wi-Fi uses unlicensed spectrum to provide access to a network. Typically Wi-Fi is used by an end user to access his/her own network, which may or may not be connected to the Internet. If WiMAX provides services analogous to a cellphone, Wi-Fi is similar to a cordless phone. * WiMAX and Wi-Fi have quite different Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms. WiMAX uses a mechanism based on connections between the Base Station and the user device. Each connection is based on specific scheduling algorithms, which means that QoS parameters can be guaranteed for each flow. Wi-Fi has introduced a QoS mechanism similar to fixed Ethernet, where packets can receive different priorities based on their tags. This means that QoS is relative between packets/flows, as opposed to guaranteed. * WiMAX is highly scalable from what are called femto-scale remote stations to multi-sector maxi scale base that handle complex tasks of management and mobile handoff functions and include MIMO-AAS smart antenna subsystems. * LMDS: Local Multipoint Distribution Services (LMDS) is a radio-based access system. A fixed base-antenna (typically on a high building or tower) called Hub, services a number of users, which are also fixed. (Customer antenna on top of building). The access has a broadband capacity it can be used for all kinds of telecom services: * POTS or ISDN telephony. * Data services such as LAN interconnect, ATM, IP networks, etc. * Digital Video broadcasting. And potential customers are: * Businesses * Schools, Libraries, Health care providers * Residential consumers Each Hub is at the center of cell, a few kilometers in size, containing hundreds or thousands of users. Interconnections between hubs are typically done through fiber-optic core networks. The radio frequencies used are in the range 28 GHz to 42 GHz. This requires line-of-sight between hub and end-user. The word Local in LMDS refers to the relative short distance, or small cell-size. The words Multipoint Distribution refers to the point to multipoint nature. Figure 36: Local Multipoint Distribution Services * Free Space Optics (FSO): It is optical wireless, point-to-point line of sight broadband technology that is an alternative to fiber optic cable systems. It can transmit up to 1. 25 Gbps at a distance of 4 miles. * Satellite: It offers two-way Internet access via satellite orbiting the earth about 22000 miles above equator. PC through a special satellite modem broadcasts the requests to the satellite dish located on top of the roof / building which in turn transmits receives signal from the satellites. But it is slower in uplink as well as in downlink. BIBLIOGRAPHY (1) www. bsnl. co. in (2) www. wikipedia. org (3) www. howstuffworks. com (4) www. esnips. com

Single Variable Equations on SAT Math Complete Strategies

Single Variable Equations on SAT Math Complete Strategies SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In a way, single variable equations are some of the most common and least common types of questions on the SAT math section. Why? Because it’s rare to find more than one or two single variable equations per test, and yet knowing how to solve and manipulate single variable equations is a basic requirement for solving most all SAT math questions. Even though you won’t often see single variable equations by themselves, it is crucial that you know how to set up, use, and manipulate them. You cannot solve the more complex expressions like quadratics, multiple variables, and so on, without first understanding single variable equations. This guide will be your complete walk-through of single variable equations for the SATwhat they are, how you’ll see them on the test, and how to set up and solve them. Once you get the hang of single variable equations, you can go on to solve more and more complex problems. What Are Single Variable Equations? A single variable equation is comprised of two parts: the (lone) variable and the equation. So let’s look at what those are and how to put them together. A variable is a symbolic placeholder for a number we do not yet know. Often, you’ll see x or y used as a variable in math problems, but variables can be represented by any symbol or letter. $$4t=20$$ In this case, t is our variable. It represents a number that is currently unknown. An equation sets two (or more) mathematical expressions equal to one another. To show that the expressions are equal, we use an equals sign (=). Each side of the expression can be as simple as a single integer or as complex as an expression with multiple variables, exponents, or anything else. $$15(a+b^3)−(a−3)^12=22$$ The above is an example of an equation. Each side of the expression equals the other. So if we put together our definitions, we know that: A single variable equation is an equation in which there is only one variable. The variable can be used multiple times and/or used on either side of the equation as long as the variable remains the same. Some examples of single variable equations: $${4(a−3)}/a=2(a^8)$$ $$a+7−(a+3)=4$$ $$6a+a−3=a+21$$ You’ll notice that some of the equations used the variable, a, multiple times. Other equations used the variable on either side of the equals sign. No matter how many times the variable is used, all of these are still single variable problems because the variable remains constant and there are no other variables. Once you find your variable, you can solve the whole puzzle. Typical Single Variable Equations on the SAT Single variable equations will fall into two broad categories on the SATgiven equations and word problems. Word problems are by far the more common and you should expect to see one or two per test. Given equations, when they appear, will usually fall between problems 1-4 on any given math section. Let’s look at each type. Given Equations A given equation will provide you with the equation you need to use to solve the problem. We will go through the exact processes needed to solve this kind of problem in the next section, but for now just understand that your goal is to isolate your variable. (We will walk through how to solve this question later in the guide) In this problem, you are being asked to find the isolated variable as your final answer. But do be sure to note that this is not always the case. Sometimes the question will ask you to solve for y alone (or x or any other variable), and sometimes the question will ask you to solve for y to a different term (2y or 12y, etc.). Always pay close attention to exactly what the question is asking you to find. You need to first isolate your variable to solve the problem, but always double-check whether you should stop there or if you need to continue on, in order to find your final answer. Word Problems A word problem will describe a situation and ask you to find a missing variable. You must write your own equation based on the information you are given in the question. Again, your final answer may be the value of your variable (x or y, etc.) or your variable taken to a different term ($2x$, $y^2$, etc.). (We will walk through how to solve this question later in the guide) How to Manipulate a Single Variable Equation In order to solve a single variable equation, we must isolate our variable on one side of the equation. And the way we do this is by shifting everything else to the other side of the equals sign. In order to shift our terms (expressions), we must cancel them out on their original side. This means we have to set the non-variablesto zero when using addition/multiplication, and set the variable to 1 when using division/multiplication. (Why do we set it to 1 when using division/multiplication? Because we use multiplication and division to isolate our variable. But setting it to 1, we give ourselves just the one variable to work with.) The way we cancel out our terms is by performing the opposite function of each term. Opposite function pairs are: Addition and subtraction Multiplication and division For example, if we have a term on one side that has a minus sign (subtraction), we must add that same amount from both sides. $x−4=6$ $x−4+4=6+4$ $x=10$ If we have a term that is being multiplied, we must divide that same amount from both sides. $4x=20$ ${4x}/4={20}/4$ $x=5$ And so on. Whatever you do on one side of the equation, you must do on the other. This cancels out like terms and essentially moves your terms from one side of the equation to the other. Manipulating equations isall about balance. Steps to Solving a Single Variable Problem Let us take a typical variable expression and break it into the steps needed to solve it. $14−2x+2+6x=64.$ Find ${1/2}x.$ #1: Combine like terms If there is more than one term with a same variable, we must combine them in order to ultimately isolate that variable. We can add or subtract terms with a same variable in the same way we can any other numbers. $14−2x+2+6x=64$ Here we have a $−2x$ and a $6x$ (notice how we had to keep the signs in front of the numbers intact). Now we add them together. $−2x+6x=4x$ We also have multiple numbers without variables on the left side of our equation. We must combine these as well, as they are also like terms. $14+2=16$ So now, when we put the pieces together, our equation looks like this: $16+4x=64$ #2: Isolate the term with your variable Once we have combined our variables, we must isolate the variable term. If the term is simply the variable itself (e.g. $x$), then we can skip this step. But since our term here is $6x$, we must isolate the whole term first. $16+4x=64$ We have a positive 16 here that we want to get rid of in order to isolate our $4x$. This means we must subtract 16 from both sides of our equation. Why? Because we have a positive 16, which means that it is addition. And subtraction is the opposite of addition. We must also subtract 16 from either side to cancel out the 16 on the first expression (make it zero) so that we can isolate our variable. $16−16+4x=64−16$ $4x=48$ #3: Isolate your variable Now that we’ve isolated our term ($4x$), we can further isolate the variable. Again, we perform an opposite function of the term. In this case, we have $4x$, which uses multiplication. In order to isolate the variable, we must therefore use division (the opposite of multiplication) by dividing by 4 on both sides. This will set our x equal to one and thus isolate it. $4x=48$ ${4x}/4={48}/4$ $x=12$ #4: Double-check your variable by plugging it back in Now that we’ve solved for our variable, let us check to make sure it is correct by plugging it back into the original equation. $x=12$ $14−2x+2+6x=64$ $14−2(12)+2+6(12)=64$ $14−24+2+72=64$ $−10+74=64$ $64=64$ Success! We have correctly isolated the variable and found its value. #5: And, finally, double-check to make sure you are answering the right question. Ah-ha! We can’t stop here. Our initial question asked for the value of $1/2x$, not just x by itself. If we had stopped here at $x=12$, we would have gotten the final answer wrong. Now, we end the problem by saying: ${1/2}x=(1/2)12=6$ So our final answer is 6. Always be sure to double-check both that your variable is correct and that you are answering the exact question the test is asking you to answer. Now let’s try it again with our given equation problem from earlier. We have ${1/3}y+9=0$ and we must isolate our variable in order to ultimately find the value of y Step 1, combine like terms: There are no like terms to combine, so we can skip step 1. Step 2, isolate the variable term: $1/3y+9=0$ $1/3y+9−9=0−9$ $1/3y=−9$ Step 3, isolate the variable: $1/3y=−9$ $3*1/3y=−9$ $y=−27$ Step 4, double-check answer: $1/3y+9=0$ $(1/3*−27)+9=0$ $−9+9=0$ $0=0$ Step 5, double-check if answering the right question: The initial question wanted us to find y, and that is exactly what we found. We can confidently say that we are finished. Success! Our final answer is A, -27. Ready to put your single variable equation knowledge to the test? Test Your Knowledge 1. 2. 3. 4. Answers:700, B, A, C Answer Explanations: 1. This problem is one to be cautious of because you'll note that your final answer is NOT your variable. Why? Because we are asked to find the total amount of money each person made during the week and yet our variable is the amount of sales they made. So let's walk through the problem and set up our equation. We are told that both Tom and Alison made the same amount of money in a certain week, which means that this is an equation problem (their earnings are set equal to one another). We also know they had the exact same number of sales and that this number is yet unknown. This is our single variable. Let us call it x. Tom made 300 dollars plus 20% of his sales. We can set up his half of the equation like so: $300+0.2x$ (For more on percentages and why we can set up 20% of x as $0.2x$, check out our guide to SAT fractions and ratios.) Alison made 200 dollars plus 25% of her sales. So we can set up her half of the equation thusly: $200+0.25x$ Now, let us set the two sides equal to one another and solve for our variable. $300+0.2x=200+0.25x$ First, let us combine our like terms by moving them to opposite sides of the equation: $300−200=0.25x−0.2x$ $100=0.05x$ Now, let's isolate our variable: $100/0.05={0.05x}/0.05$ $2000=x$ This means that they each sold 2000 dollars worth of product. But wait! We can't stop here. The question asked us to find their weekly compensation, NOT their weekly sales. We must plug 2000 back into one of the original equations in place of x to find our final answer. Let's take Tom's weekly earnings again: $300+0.2x$ $300+0.2(2000)$ $300+400$ 700 So both Tom and Alison (remember, they made the same amount) earned 700 dollars that week. Our final answer is 700. (Note: you can also double-check your answer with Alison's original equation as well: $200+0.25x$ $200+0.25(2000)$ $200+500$ 700 Either way, the answer is 700) 2. We are told that a triangle has a perimeter of 13 and one side length of 3. The other two sides are equal. That means we would set up an equation that would look like this: $3+2x=13$ The left side of the equation is the sum of all the triangle’s sides. x is substituting for our unknown side lengths. And we have multiplied our x by 2 because the two unknown side lengths are equal. Now, we solve. $3+2x=13$ Subtract 3 from both sides $3−3+2x=13−3$ $2x=10$ Isolate our variable ${2x}/2=10/2$ $x=5$ So each of the other side lengths must be equal to 5. Let’s plug the answer back in to make sure this is correct. $3+5+5=13$ $13=13$ Success! And we are being asked for the length of each side, so we know that our variable answer is the final solution. Our final answer is B, 5. 3. We are being asked to find the number of sandwiches that Ali made, so let’s make our unknown variable a for Ali. This means that Ali made a number of sandwiches. We are told that Ben made three times as many sandwiches as Ali, which means that Ben made $3a$ sandwiches. Now Carla made twice as many sandwiches as Ben. We will still say that all the sandwiches made are in terms of a number of sandwiches, so Carla made $2*3a=6a$ sandwiches. And we also know that the total number of sandwiches was 20. So now, when we put it all together, we get: $a+3a+6a=20$ Combine our like terms and we get: $10a=20$ Isolate our variable. ${10a}/10={20}/10$ $a=2$ Now let’s double-check to make sure that is correct. If Ali makes 2 sandwiches, and Ben makes three times as many, he will have made 6 sandwiches. If Carla makes twice as many as Ben, she’ll have made 12 sandwiches. $2+6+12=20$ 20=20 Success! We have correctly isolated our variable. Since we said that a was the number of sandwiches that Ali made, this means: Our final answer is A, Ali made 2 sandwiches. 4. We are given the problem: "$10+x$ is 5 more than 10." The "is" in the question sets the terms equal, so when we translate this statement, we get: $10+x=15$ Now, let’s isolate our variable. $10−10+x=15−10$ $x=5$ Now let’s double-check by plugging our x back into the original equation. $10+x$ is 5 more than 10. $10+5=15$ is 5 more than 10. Success, we have isolated our variable. But wait! The final question wants us to find the value of 2x, not just x. $x=5$ $2(5)=10$ So our final answer is C, $2x=10$ Whoo! You conquered those single variable equations! The Take Aways Single variations make up the backbone of many other SAT problems. By knowing how to manipulate these kinds of expressions, you’ll be able to build on these techniques to solve much more complex problems and equations. Just remember to always perform the same act to each side of the equation and save isolating your variable for last, and you’ll be conquering single variable equations left and right. Now you’ve got the building blocks for understanding how to go forth and take on the rest of the SAT math topics. So build upon this knowledge and tackle the rest of what SAT math has to offer. What’s Next? You’ve build up your mathematical foundation and now you’re raring to take on more. Before you start in on another SAT math topic guide, make sure you have a good idea of all the topics covered on the SAT math. Think you might need a tutor? Check out the best ways to find a tutor that suits your needs, whether online or in person. Taken a practice test and don’t know how you match up for schools? Make sure you have a good idea of what your ideal score truly is. And if you feel like you’ve got a handle on the math itself, but struggle with the timing, then be sure to check out our guide on how to complete your SAT math section on time. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. 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Democratization and Reversal Democracy Term Paper

Democratization and Reversal Democracy - Term Paper Example The exploration of the internet services coupled with other social sites like twitter, face book and internet related ways of disseminating information have been known to enhance the scope of participation and contribution on issues that directly attract the public debate (Diamond 35). The contribution of the liberal technology in enhancing democratization is coming with a couple of threats to the existing regime. The regimes are also hell-bent in cushioning themselves from the looming exposure of the actions that are perceived to be rolling back the democratic processes gained in the country. In this regard, most of the totalitarian regimes have opted to censor media houses and as well as the internet providers that enables the citizen to participate in the discussion the reprimands the government conduct on abuse some fundamental human rights (Diamond 43). The media operators have also been in the same trouble with the regimes they serve under following their efforts to expose the unorthodox ways of handling issues. Technological liberation has also enabled the public to not only scrutinize the government conduct but also increased the amount of participation on issues of public interest. The contribution of the technology in democratization in this regard can not be underestimated as a key player in the democratization process (Diamond 32). The role of liberal technology has attracted the concern of the optimist and the pessimists in equal measure. The optimists of the liberal technology views it as a way of empowering the individuals, instituting a strong and viable civil society that is able to agitate and champion for the rights of the people and reach a critical mass of individuals in the shortest time possible. The technology will also facilitate utmost independent communication and mobilization (Diamond 55). On the other side, the pessimist of the liberal technology have a contrary view, they cite china as one of the countries that heavily explore the use of technology as having not realized any significant change in the political arena. The Chinese Communist Party has continued ruling with iron fist and has firmly shielded external intrusion as it is beyond what accountability means (Diamond 61). Liberal technology has been defined as the variety of information and communication technology that has the ability to enhance the social, economic, and political freedom. In this sense, the technology facilitates on the way news are reported, exposure of the wrongdoings in the country, enables quick and most efficient ways of opinion expression, mobilization of the protest, close monitoring of the elections to ensure they are free and fair (Diamond 68). In addition to all these, the initiative also facilitates scrutiny of the government, entrench deep public participation and most importantly enhance and expand the horizons that come with freedom. Malaysia is one of the countries that have the record of consistently controlling the ope ration of the technological flow of information as they deem it a factor that is detrimental to the existence of the government. The utilization of the technology has also been on the rise as in the records of the recent statistics. Liberal technology has a convincing history in the revolutionary world, the effect of technology in the dissemination and perception changes can be